Figure 1

Representative electrochemical methods for the standardized detection of mannose-Con A interactions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of ZBW1 with a surface converge (Г) of (a) 1.1 × 10^-9 mol cm^-2, (b) 2.7 × 10^-9 mol cm^-2 and (c) 6.9 × 10^-9 mol cm^-2; Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of ZBW1 with a current intensity of (d) 9.3 μA, (e) 15.2 μA and (f) 19.9 μA; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of ZBW1 with a lectin coverage efficiency (Г) of (g) 34.8%, (h) 49.7%, and (i) 72.5% on graphene electrodes in the presence (colored) of Con A (10 μM) (red plots stand for ZBW1-functionalized graphene electrodes in the absence of a lectin).