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Table 5 Independent variables and levels established through the central composite design for nuts roasting conditions

From: Effect of roasting conditions on color development and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) analysis of Malaysian-grown tropical almond nuts (Terminalia catappa L.)

Independent variables

Independent variables level

Low

Medium

High

Axial (−α)

Axial ()

Roasting temperature (°C)

100.0

140.0

180.0

74.68

205.32

Roasting time (min)

5.0

17.5

30.0

−2.91

37.91

pH

5.0

6.0

7.0

4.367

7.633

  1. Axial points allow for the estimation of the tuning parameters of a second-order model. CCD is afirst-order (2N) designs augmented by additional centre and axial points.